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Find definitions of medical abbreviations commonly found in health records. If you do not know an abbreviation, you may be able to find out what it means. Medical Abbreviations. SYMBOL. MEANING indicates a mean value R V residual volume. TLC total lung capacity. V C vital capacity. RUQ, RLL—right upper quadrant, lobe. rt—right. RV—residual volume. Rx—take (prescription) s—without.
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Powered by CITE. Etiologic factors include active loss through vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suctioning, drainage through operative wounds and tubes, burns, fistulas, hypermetabolic states, and drug-induced diuresis. Insufficient intake of water can be caused by nausea, immobility with inaccessibility of water, and lack of knowledge about the necessity of adequate fluid intake.
Patient Care. Assessment of the patient's hydration status includes monitoring lab data for such signs as increased packed red blood cell volume, increased plasma protein level, elevated specific gravity of urine, and increased blood urea nitrogen BUN out of proportion to a change in serum creatinine. In the absence of other problems, the serum sodium should remain within normal limits. Recording daily weight gives information about the amount of water gained or lost each day.
If there is a fluid volume deficit, intake and output measurements can give evidence of fluid imbalance. The urine appears concentrated and is usually well below the criterion of 50 ml of output per hour. Other objective assessment data include hypotension and a decrease in venous filling and in pulse volume and pressure.
The mucous membranes are dry, as is the skin, which loses its turgor. The patient may complain of thirst and the body temperature may be elevated. Patients at risk for profound and potentially fatal fluid volume deficit, as in severe burns, should be assessed frequently for mental acuity status and orientation to person, place, and time.
Measures to improve hydration status should take into account the patient's ability to drink and retain fluids by mouth, preferences for certain fluids, and whether hot or cold drinks are preferred. The goal of oral fluid intake should be about ml per day. Explanations about the importance of an adequate fluid intake and assuring the availability of fresh water and fluids attractive to the patient can help reach the desired goal.
Intravenous administration of fluids, especially isotonic saline, may be necessary if oral replacement is not possible. In severe and intractable fluid volume deficit a central venous catheter may be used to evaluate the extent of fluid loss and to guide replacement therapy. Factors contributing to this include 1 arterial dilatation, as occurs in the inflammatory process; 2 reduced oncotic pressure, as in hypoproteinuria particularly a deficit of albumin, which is responsible for 80 per cent of oncotic pressure , lymphatic obstruction, and increased capillary permeability, which allows water to escape into the tissues and produce swelling; 3 renal retention of sodium and consequently of water, as seen in renal failure ; 4 inadequate circulation of blood through the general circulation, as in congestive heart failure , or through the portal circulation, as in liver failure; and 5 overproduction or administration of adrenocortical hormones.