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In subsequent years, development of the mining economy created a demand for labor that could not be satisfied by local recruitment initiatives and required the country to attract workers from beyond its borders, particularly from nearby southern African states.
In effect, the growth of this mining sector created regional migration corridors between South Africa and neighbors such as Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, and Mozambique, which have only grown more advanced in the century since.
The South African government established bilateral agreements related to contracted labor migration for the mines as well as farms and other growing sectors.
Through these types of systems, South Africa grew to become a major migrant destination country in the southern African region, which since has been formalized as the SADC.
While most arriving migrants came from elsewhere on the continent to work in mining and other sectors, they historically did not have the right to settle permanently. Access to permanent status in South Africa was the preserve of White immigrants, primarily from Europe, North America, and later from newly independent African countries such as Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
Black African immigrants were allowed to stay only so long as they rendered their labor and maintained valid contracts; once these contracts were completed, they were repatriated to their countries of origin. This practice of different rules for different immigrants based on their race was enshrined into law with the formal creation of apartheid in and endured until the advent of democracy in Before , all Africans—including native-born Black South Africans—did not have the right to fully belong to South Africa.
Only White people were entitled to South African citizenship. Black South Africans were relegated to a second tier of citizenship and homelands that were governed separately, through homeland governments. Native-born Black South Africans were in many cases considered citizens of their respective homelands rather than the country of South Africa and were required to present passes to travel from the homelands to other parts of the country.
Since South Africa attained democracy in , the nature and magnitude of its migratory flows have changed significantly. The new government enabled many migrants to come to the country from other corners of Africa as well as Asia, particularly the Indian subcontinent. The new government had to grapple with managing these changed patterns of migration. Whereas historically immigration had been dominated by low-skilled laborers coming to work in the mines and other sectors, the post migration regime has allowed for a much more diverse set of immigrants and travellers.
The end of apartheid also ushered in closer economic ties between South Africa and its continental neighbors. As a result, the proportion of arrivals from elsewhere in Africa rose. Over the following years, the profile of immigrants to South Africa has included low-skilled migrants from elsewhere in the region many of whom have been unauthorized , skilled African professionals, and refugees and asylum seekers.
Policies have in general not kept up with the changing nature of these flows. The Aliens Control Act of was one of the final apartheid-era laws and was at odds with the new democratic dispensation that came into place when apartheid ended.
The law handed down heavy penalties for illegal immigration and for supporting migrants who arrived illegally; it bestowed upon immigration authorities new powers to carry out searches and arrests. Yet despite its base in apartheid, the Aliens Control Act remained in place for several years after the arrival of democracy and was responsible for hundreds of thousands of arrests and deportations annually. This law maintained a posture of preventing irregular migration and focused on promoting skilled labor migration.
Notably, the Immigration Act seemed to ignore most low-skilled workers from elsewhere in the SADC region, who have a very slim chance of legally immigrating to South Africa. The Refugees Act of allows asylum seekers to move freely, work, and study in the country during the lengthy adjudication process. However, partly in response to concerns that the asylum system was being used by people without legitimate fear of persecution in order to secure work status, subsequent amendments to the law in , , and sought to curtail these rights.
Legislative measures have also attempted to make South Africa less desirable for asylum seekers in order to lessen the demand on asylum processing. Critics have repeatedly complained that the asylum system is rife with bureaucratic inefficiency, with years-long backlogs and lengthy appeals. Rejection rates reached as high as 96 percent of all asylum cases in In early , additional hurdles for asylum seekers and refugees were implemented, restricting them from participating in politics in their country of origin, seemingly in response to the large number of foreign exiled political dissidents who have taken up residence in South Africa.
Today, the asylum process can be long and arduous. Many asylum seekers and other migrants face considerable risks including crime, harassment, and xenophobic attacks. Still, the population of forced migrants in South Africa is sizeable, and accounts for approximately 9 percent of the total recognized immigrant population.
As of , the country hosted , forcibly displaced persons, according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, of whom 76, were recognized refugees and , were asylum seekers. Perhaps surprisingly, not all of these humanitarian migrants were from southern Africa—or even the African continent at all. The major source countries for refugees and asylum seekers in were Ethiopia the origin for 25 percent , Democratic Republic of the Congo 23 percent , Somalia 11 percent , Bangladesh 10 percent , and Zimbabwe 6 percent see Table 3.
Table 3. Asylum Seekers and Refugees in South Africa, This is largely a result of the difficulty journeys that these migrants undertake, particularly those from countries outside southern Africa, which may involve use of human smugglers and encounters with hostile authorities that pose particular challenges for women.
The South African government, similar to others, has placed a growing focus on security and has increasingly viewed irregular migrants as threats to its national security. Prominent narratives have also persisted in public discourse, including the notion that the asylum system has been abused by migrants who are actually coming to seek work, as well as discourses that conflate asylum seekers with unauthorized immigrants.
The Documentation of Zimbabweans Project represents a prominent exception to the restrictive immigration regime, regularizing the status of hundreds of thousands of irregular migrants. The project was introduced in to ease pressure on the asylum system and respond to the large numbers of unauthorized migrants from Zimbabwe who were living in the country.
Language is an indispensable tool that can be used to deepen democracy and also contribute to the social, cultural, intellectual, economic and political life of the South African society. The country is multilingual with 11 official languages, each of which is guaranteed equal status. Most South Africans are multilingual and able to speak at least two or more of the official languages. In terms of the Use of Official Languages Act in , and as part of promoting social cohesion and nation-building, every government department, public entity and enterprise is expected to establish a language unit and adopt a language policy.
Source: Official Guide to South Africa. Skip to main content. You are here Home » About SA. Black and White. Prior to , a white minority held complete political power under a system of racial segregation called apartheid.
During apartheid , immigrants from Taiwan , South Korea , and Japan were considered honorary whites in the country, as the government had maintained diplomatic relations with these countries. These were granted the same privileges as white people, at least for purposes of residence. Statistics for the white population in South Africa vary greatly. Most sources show that the white population peaked in the period between and at around 5.
Up to that point, the white population largely increased due to high birth rates and immigration. Subsequently, between the mids and the mids, the white population decreased overall.
However, from to , the white population increased. Mid-year population estimates, However, there are varied sources showing that the white fertility rate reached below replacement 2. Likewise, recent studies show a range of fertility rates, ranging from 1. The Afrikaners tend to have a higher birthrate than that of other white people. Average annual household income by population group of the household head.
Religion among white South Africans remains high compared to other white ethnic groups, but likewise it has shown a steady proportional drop in both membership and church attendance with until recently the majority of white South Africans attending regular church services.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ethnic group in South Africa. See also: Population Registration Act, See also: Brain drain of South Africa. See also: Distribution of white South Africans. Dean Geyer , actor and singer Goldfish , electronic duo originating from Cape Town. Arnold van Wyk , composer N. Lucia musician. South Africa portal Europe portal.
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Archived from the original on 5 December The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity. S2CID Archived from the original on 16 April Retrieved 5 June Retrieved 25 February Certainly the new phenomenon of white poverty is often blamed on the government's Affirmative Action employment legislation, which reserves 80 per cent of new jobs for blacks.
White people in South Africa still hold the lion's share of all forms of capital.Ethnic groups in South Africa – Wikipedia
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